On April 24th,
Easter Monday of 1916, Irish republicans wishing to end British rule in Ireland
used armed force to overtake strategic locations in Dublin and to proclaim an
independent Ireland. The British Army responded by violently suppressing the Rising,
executing its leaders, and imposing martial law. A brief blog entry cannot provide the full background
and context necessary to understand the Easter Rising, but the First World War played
a significant role in dividing Irish loyalties.
Many Irish had
volunteered to serve in the British Army, believing that their service would be
rewarded by British acceptance of Irish Home Rule. However, in the aftermath of the Easter
Rising and the associated violence and repressive actions of the British Army, Irishmen
who had chosen to fight for England and with the British Army were commonly viewed
as disloyal to Ireland.
Speaking to this
context of deeply divided loyalties, George William Russell, Irish nationalist, writer, and
pacifist (known by the pseudonym Æ), called for
reconciliation and unity among the people of Ireland. In a letter to the Irish Times written in December of 1917, Russell wrote,
“I myself am Anglo-Irish, with the blood
of both races in me, and when the rising of Easter Week took place, all that
was Irish in me was profoundly stirred, and out of that mood I wrote
commemorating the dead. And then later
there rose in memory the faces of others I knew who loved their country, but
had died in other battles. They fought
in those because they believed they would serve Ireland, and I felt these were
no less my people. I could hold them
also in my heart and pay tribute to them.
Because it was possible for me to do so, I think it is possible for
others; and in the hope that the deeds of all may in the future be a matter of
pride to the new nation I append here these verses I have written.”
The poem Russell included with his letter was “To the Memory of Some I Knew Who Are Dead and Who Loved
Ireland.” In alternating stanzas, the
poem honors both those killed in the Easter Rising and the Irish who died on
the battlefields of the First World War.
To the Memory of
Some I Knew Who Are Dead and Who Loved Ireland
Kilmainham Gaol, where Easter Rising leaders were executed |
Their dream had
left me numb and cold,
But yet my
spirit rose in pride,
Refashioning in
burnished gold
The images of
those who died,
Or were shut in
the penal cell.
Here's to you, Pearse, your dream, not
mine,
But yet the
thought for this you fell,
Has turned
life's waters into wine.
You who have died on Eastern hills
Or fields of France as undismayed,
Who lit with interlinked wills
The long heroic barricade,
You, too, in all the dreams you had,
Thought of some thing for Ireland done.
Villers-Bretonneux cemetery, graves of Royal Irish Rgt soldiers |
Was it not so, Oh, shining lad,
What lured you, Alan
Anderson?
I listened to
high talk from you,
Thomas MacDonagh, and
it seemed
The words were
idle, but they grew
To nobleness by
death redeemed.
Life cannot
utter words more great
Than life may
meet by sacrifice,
High words were
equaled by high fate,
You paid the
price. You paid the price.
You who have fought on fields afar,
That other Ireland did you wrong
Who said you shadowed Ireland’s star,
Thomas Kettle |
Nor gave you laurel wreath nor song.
You proved by death as true as they,
In mightier conflicts played your part,
Equal your sacrifice may weigh,
Dear Kettle,
of the generous heart.
The hope lives
on age after age,
Earth with its
beauty might be won
For labour as a
heritage,
For this has
Ireland lost a son.
This hope unto a
flame to fan
Men have put
life by with a smile,
Here’s to you, Connolly, my man,
Who cast the
last torch on the pile.
You, too, had Ireland in your care,
Who watched o’er pits of blood and mire,
From iron roots leap up in air
James Connolly |
Wild forests, magical, of fire;
Yet while the Nuts of Death were shed
Your memory would ever stray
To your own isle. Oh, gallant dead –
This wreath, Will Redmond, on your
clay.
Here’s to you,
men I never met,
Yet hope to meet
behind the veil,
Thronged on some
starry parapet,
That looks down
on Innisfail,
And see the
confluence of dreams
That clashed
together in our night,
One river, born
from many streams,
Roll in one
blaze of blinding light.
--Æ
In the first,
third, and fifth stanzas, the poem memorializes leaders of the Easter
Rising who were executed by the British: Patrick Pearse, Thomas MacDonagh, and
James Connolly (readers wishing further biographical information can follow the hyperlinks in the poem). As
Russell’s poem argues, even for those not sharing the dream of the Easter
Rising, these men’s willingness to die for an independent Ireland was
transformative, turning life’s water into wine and refashioning the men’s deaths
into “burnished gold.” As WB Yeats wrote, “a terrible beauty is born.” The
executed leaders of the Easter Rising paid the ultimate price, and laying down
their lives, they fanned the hopes of Irish independence.
But that same
price was paid by the Irishmen named in the second, fourth, and sixth stanzas
of the poem: Alan Anderson, Thomas Kettle, and Willie Redmond (for further biographical
information, see the associated links). Although
killed in battle while fighting with the British Army, these men too fought for
a dream and gave their all in the blood and mud of the Western Front, dying for
their own isle, for their homes, for “Thought of some thing for Ireland done.”
The poem’s last stanza attempts to reconcile
the deep Irish divisions exacerbated by the war. It imagines the two divided political causes
as streams that join in a mighty confluence, mixing the best of each and amalgamating
the differences until they form one majestic river that rolls forward in a “blaze
of blinding light.” Whether a prophet or naïve optimist, Russell believed that if
the people of Ireland were able to put aside their internal differences, they
could achieve greatness as a free nation. In the same letter in which he published his
poem for those who had died for Ireland, Russell wrote,
“And here I come to the purpose of my
letter, which is to deprecate the scornful repudiation by Irishmen of other
Irishmen, which is so common at present, and which helps to perpetuate our
feuds. We are all one people. We are
closer to each other in character than we are to any other race. The necessary preliminary to political
adjustment is moral adjustment, forgiveness, and mutual understanding.”
The centenary of
the Easter Rising and the First World War may perhaps prompt the kind of remembrance
and reconciliation that Russell dreamed of.
An article
written by Rowan McGreevy and published in the Irish Times in April of 2016 reminds us that in the same week in
which 488 Irish were killed in Dublin during the Easter Rising, 532 men of the
Irish Division were gassed, bayoneted, shelled, and shot in the gas attacks
outside Hulluch in northern France. The article also calls us to remember the sacrifice of the hundreds of
Germans who died in the attacks at Hulluch.
Recruitment Poster http://hdl.handle.net/10599/8954 |
Dublin during the Easter Rising |
Perhaps nothing
makes the case so strongly, however, for the complexities of Ireland's political
situation and the need for peace and reconciliation than one
family’s poignant story from that tumultuous time. Fighting with the
Royal Dublin Fusiliers and caught up in the gas attacks at Hulluch, Private
John Naylor died on April 29th. That same day, John Naylor's wife,
Margaret, was shot and killed during the Easter Rising as she crossed Dublin's
Ringsend drawbridge. Their three young orphaned daughters, Maggie, Kitty, and Tessie,
survived, bearing the burdens of the past as they grew up into the future of the emerging nation of Ireland.
A beautiful piece Connie and stirs me to think how true this division was and how much in vain were AE Russell's words in his letter to the Times "I could hold them also in my heart and pay tribute to them. Because it was possible for me to do so, I think it is possible for others; and in the hope that the deeds of all may in the future be a matter of pride to the new nation I append here these verses I have written.” The entire generation that fought and died in France and elsewhere or fought and returned from France and elsewhere were ignored, or worse, by their fellow countrymen. Only recently there has been an acceptance of their contribution and their complex motives and their rightful place. This was seen when Queen Elizabeth and the Irish President laid a wreath at the Garden of Remembrance for all Irish war dead - Protestant, Catholic, Nationalist, Republican, Loyalist, Unionist - on Irish soil and overseas. Thank you once again for this piece.
ReplyDeleteAlso Connie - this may be of interest to you - it was a documentary made about the father of one of Ireland's most famous broadcasters Gay Byrne - who fought in WW1 - it gives a very good perspective of both personal and societal challenges that Irishmen returning from the war to a changed Ireland faced - "My father said, 'Let me tell you about war' and spoke about the dirt, the filth and the rats, the cold, the lack of food, the misery, trying to sleep knowing the next morning you were going over the top, the shelling and all that. Then my mother's key was heard in the door and he said, 'enough about that'" Paul Melia talks to Gay Byrne about his father's involvement in WWI" see http://www.independent.ie/life/world-war-1/gay-byrne-on-his-fathers-service-in-world-war-1-30270484.html for a news article and there is a video at the following link on RTE Player - Broadcast Wed 28 Oct 2015 Duration 52mins - https://www.rte.ie/player/gb/show/gay-byrnemy-fathers-war-30002830/10308558/
ReplyDeleteThanks for reading and for sharing such rich information, Graham -- I'm very much looking forward to spending time looking up the references you so kindly provided!
Delete"The necessary preliminary to political adjustment is moral adjustment, forgiveness, and mutual understanding." it never happened unfortunately and a new generation ignorant of the consequences of sectarianism is subscribing to the same BS that caused so much misery in the past
ReplyDeleteTo illustrate a point - one of my maternal uncles joined the RAF in the 50's and only returned to Ireland in the late 80's for the first time.
ReplyDeleteLastly - and sorry for hijacking your thread :) - I have a bunch of pictures of the German and Allied cemeteries and memorials in Northern France, Flanders, Belgium and so on - if you would like me to email them with notes I would be happy to do so.
ReplyDeleteInteresting to see this post right after reading the New York Times from 100 years ago today, which leads with a huge banner headline saying "Angry Protests Roused by Lloyd George, As He Announces Conscription for Ireland."
ReplyDeleteFascinating -- I'll have to see if I can find and read the full article. Thanks for sharing, Mary Grace.
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