First Time In

Australian Division soldiers, 1917 (Frank Hurley)

For many soldiers, their first arrival at the front triggers a tangled mix of emotions: excitement, terror, detachment, awe. Ivor Gurney, a private from Gloucestershire who had given up his scholarship at the Royal College of Music to enlist, described his first night in the front line trenches of the Great War as “one of the notable evenings of my life” and one “of the happiest for years.”* Gurney was so moved by the experience that he wrote at least five letters describing it to his friends.** In the account he sent to Catherine Abercrombie, he wrote,

But we had not long to stay there or anywhere till we were marched here and put in trenches with another battalion for instruction.  They were Welsh, mostly, and personally I feared a rather rough type. But, oh the joy, I crawled into a dugout, not high but fairly large, lit by a candle, and so met four of the most delightful young men that could be met anywhere. Thin faced and bright eyed, their faces showed beautifully against the soft glow of the candlelight, and their musical voices delightful after the long march at attention in silence. There was no sleep for me that night.  I made up next day a little, but what then? We talked of Welsh folksong, of George Borrow, of Burns, of the RCM [Royal College of Music]; of—yes—of Oscar Wilde, Omar Khayyam, Shakespeare, and of the war: distant from us by 300 yards.  Snipers were continually firing, and rockets—fairy lights they call them: fired from a pistol—lit up the night outside. Every now and again a distant rumble of guns to remind us of the reason we were foregathered. They spoke of their friends dead or maimed in the bombardment a bad one, of the night before, and in the face of their grief I sat there and for once self-forgetful, more or less, gave them all my love, for their tenderness, their steadfastness and kindness to raw fighters and very raw signalers.

Candle-lit faces, fairy lights in the sky, softly sung folksongs – all less than 300 yards from the enemy, where artillery fires and snipers aim to kill.  Gurney wrote two poems about his encounter with the Welsh at the front, giving both the title “First Time In”– this is the shorter of the two:†

Welsh Regiment, WWI

First Time In

After the dread tales and red yarns of the Line

Anything might have come to us; but the divine

Afterglow brought us up to a Welsh colony

Hiding in sandbag ditches, whispering consolatory

Soft foreign things. Then we were taken in

To low huts candle-lit shaded close by slitten 

Oilsheets, and there but boys gave us kind welcome;

So that we looked out as from the edge of home.

Sang us Welsh things, and changed all former notions

To human hopeful things. And the next days’ guns

Nor any Line-pangs ever quite could blot out

That strangely beautiful entry to War's rout;

Candles they gave us precious and shared over-rations—

Ulysses found little more in his wanderings without doubt.

'David of the White Rock,' the 'Slumber Song' so soft, and that

Beautiful tune to which roguish words by Welsh pit boys

Are sung—but never more beautiful than here under the guns’ noise.

            —Ivor Gurney

Gurney’s ear is that of a musician tuned to the soundscape of war: he notes the surface noise, but is struck by the melodies that lie underneath. The poem’s syntactic inversions (“Candles they gave us precious”) and echoing alliterations suggest the mood of an ancient fireside, where warriors gather to listen to the bard. And the deafening roar of the guns cannot mute the quiet beauty that whispers through the Welsh songs of home, but rather increases their power. Significantly, Gurney identifies one specific song, “David of the White Rock” (in Welsh, “Dafydd y Garreg Wen”).  Tradition has it that on his death bed, the music’s composer called for his harp and wrote the tune before dying at the age of twenty-nine. Lyrics were added a century later, relating a tale of beauty that is heightened by the nearness of death (I’ve included the English translation):

‘Bring me my harp,’ was David's sad sigh,

Ivor Gurney

‘I would play one more tune before I die.

Help me, dear wife, put the hands to the strings,

I wish my loved ones the blessing God brings.’

‘Last night an angel called with heaven’s breath:

“David, play, and come through the gates of death!”

Farewell, faithful harp, farewell to your strings,

I wish my loved ones the blessing God brings.’

In the letter in which he wrote about his encounter with the Welsh to his friend and mentor Marion Scott, Gurney closes with his own whispered consolation, attempting to find beauty and meaning in the death that surrounds him:

War’s damned interesting. It would be hard indeed to be deprived of all this artist’s material now; when my mind is becoming saner and more engaged with outside things. It is not hard for me to die, but a thing sometimes unbearable to leave this life; and these Welsh God makes fine gentlemen. It would seem that War is one of His ways of doing so.††

Gurney survived the war, but his sanity did not.  He spent the last fifteen years of his life in mental institutions, and when he died in 1937, he was buried in a Gloucester churchyard.  His original gravestone (later replaced after damage) simply states that he was “a lover and maker of beauty.”

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* Ivor Gurney, letters to Herbert Howells and Marion Scott (June 1916).

** Pamela Blevins, Ivor Gurney and Marion Scott, Boydell, 2008, p. 98 (footnote 33). Scholars know of letters sent to Marion Scott, Ethel Voynich, Catherine Abercrombie, the Chapman family, and Herbert Howells.

† This version of the poem follows Marion’s Scott’s handwritten copy, dated 1920-1922 and shared by the First World War Poetry Digital Archive.  The original manuscript is held at the Gloucestershire Archives.

†† Ivor Gurney letter to Marion Scott.

A New Zealander's War

Paul Graham Clark and his friend Leslie Averill

Steaming towards war, thinking of home.  Those were the circumstances under which 20-year-old Paul Graham Clark wrote the poem “En Voyage.” Though born in England, Clark had made New Zealand his home, and along with other men of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force 34^th Reinforcements, he left Wellington on the 8th February 1918 aboard the troopship Ulimaroa.  As his great nephew and poet Alan Clark writes, “For many of the young kiwi soldiers this was supposed to be the biggest adventure of their lives.”

En Voyage

They’ve swung her out into the harbour now

And she’s rounded the Heads at last,

While the waves of the briny break over her prow

And New Zealand’s a thing of the past.

We’ve said good-bye to the “missis,”

And kissed all the kiddies, too,

With a note to all that will miss us,

And a special one sent up to you.

We’re a speck in the boundless ocean now,

Just a thousand poor souls, all told;

And feel just like—well, just like how

We felt back in the days of old

When they fitted us out in Bill Massey’s boots,

Dished each one out a spoon and a fork,

Then lined us up like a lot of coots

And told us we couldn’t talk.

Oh, what of the squeamish first few days,

When we’d hardly cleared N.Z.!

The transport ship Ulimaroa leaving Wellington Port, NZ 

How the fellows in hundreds of different ways

Went over and hung the head.

They’d stay there forlorn for hours on end

While they gazed at the ship’s black side,

And swore they were counting the rivets up—

But somehow I think that they lied.

They shove us at night into our six by two’s

In a hole that should only hold ten;

But at somebody’s order—I wish I knew whose—

It’s branded “Two hundred men.”

The air’s none too good of a night time,

But when in the morning we wake,

You could take out your knife and slice it

Then scrape it away with a rake.

The tuckers as good as it always was-

— I don’t think! ” did you say?

Well, what if it isn’t, we’ll eat it because—

Well, if we didn’t it wouldn’t pay.

We’ve not come out on a picnic, boys,

Nor yet on a pleasure trip,

So we’ll have to give up a few of our joys

When aboard the King’s troopship.

New Zealand troops after the capture of Bapaume

So we’re swinging away on our journey still

And we’ve nothing to trouble us yet,

Save our thoughts of the land that knows no ill

And the folks that we can’t forget.

For a life on the ocean waves all right,

And there’s a good time yet to come;

But as sure as the moon shines bright to-night

There’s no place now like home.

We’re steaming ahead for England and France

All willing to do our bit;

We’re willing to live or die, just as

Chance in her uncertain way thinks fit.

But back of the mind of each one of us

Is the land we are longing to see,

Where bush fire and beach are a part of us

Way back in our “ain countree.”

            —Paul Graham Clark

Chance’s uncertain ways intervened. Paul Graham Clark never returned to New Zealand and those he loved; he never again saw the bush fires and beaches that meant so much to him.  Attached to the New Zealand Rifle Brigade, he was killed at the Second Battle of Bapaume on August 26, 1918. 

Paul Graham Clark, Achiet-le-Grand Cmml Cty Ext.